What do symptoms of root and stalk diseases in grain sorghum typically include?

The symptoms of root and stalk diseases in grain sorghum typically include soft and discolored stalks. These symptoms are indicative of diseases that affect the structural integrity and health of the plant. When the stalks become soft, it often leads to lodging, where the plants can no longer stand upright. Discoloration can occur due to the decay of the internal tissue as the disease progresses, which not only affects the plant’s strength but also its ability to transport water and nutrients effectively.

In contrast, the other symptoms mentioned do not typically relate to root and stalk diseases. Water-soaked leaf spots are more characteristic of foliar diseases, while yellowing of lower leaves is commonly seen in nutrient deficiencies or other types of stress, rather than root or stalk issues. Black mold on grain signifies a different problem, primarily associated with fungal diseases affecting mature grains rather than the health of the stalks or roots during growth.